Ideal State Essay Example

Ideal State Paper Eren ErkanFinal Draft 20801260 IR Phil 243/ 15 Tugce Ar? kan Essay Question: Explain Plato’s ideal state by referring to the Republic, book IV and VII. To what extent do you agree with Plato’s idea that the kings should be philosophers? Why? Why not? Concept of create an ideal state really need to long effort and time. This concept and long standing debate that how should be an ideal state is explains in Plato’s Republic book IV and VII. In Republic, Plato explains the features of an ideal state and he claims that the kings should be philosophers. He thinks to govern a state and make social harmony properly philosophers should govern the state. At this point, I will try to clarify Plato’s ideal state and why kings should be philosophers and why they are the only ones to spread justice wisdom. Main aim of ideal state should be to create a state which everybody is happy and equal. According to Plato, ‘’in establishing their city, they don’t aiming to make any one group outstandingly happy but to make the whole city so, as far as possible. They thought that we’d find justice most easily in such a city and injustice. ’(Plato, Republic, 420b) In that part Plato explains the state a big piece and he thinks there should be no differences in this piece, because if there is an unhappy or privileged groups that affects all state harmony. Then while he explains that idea Plato says everybody must do their own jobs. He means everybody should do their own duties. Plato gives an example that shows w hy all people should make their duties: ‘’ to be creating the happy city not picking out a few happy people and putting them in it, but making whole city happy. We will write a custom essay sample on Ideal State specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ideal State specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ideal State specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer You must look to see whether by dealing with each part appropriately, we are making the whole part beautiful. Similarly, you mustn’t force us to give our guardians. We know how to clothe the farmers in purple robes, festoon them with gold jewelry, and tell them to work the land whenever they please. ’’(Plato, Republic, 420e) This quotation explains how to create social order because everybody should their own job properly. Thus, no one obstruct other ones duties and excellent social harmony and justice will be provided. As for what is necessary to create an ideal state, for Plato’s ideal state all part of society should work better. Society should be divided in to three classes namely the philosophers, the guardians and the producers. This exact division of society, needless to say, is basic foundation of the concept division of labor and in both system, to function in a healthy way, everyone should does his or her own duty. These three classes have different duties and different symbolic implications. Philosophers constitute higher class and they are law maker. Their duty is administrate the state by their knowledge. The guardians are warrior and protector of city, and they constitute middle class. Third class is producers; they are consisting of farmer and artisans. Their function is provide societies basic needs(Plato, Republic, 421b- 433a). Plato’s ideal state is that 3 classes of people made the harmony. I mean, when these classes worked like a machine, state will have peace. However, to protect these harmony Plato suggest that ‘’ city gets a good start; it will go on growing in a cycle. Good education and upbringing, when they are preserved, produce good natures, and useful natures who are turn well educated, grow up even better than their predecessors, both in their offspring and in other respect, just like other animals. ’ (Plato, Republic, 424b) He actually claims that, to protect these 3 classes harmony, we should have well educated people. If we teach and convince people to protect their status, we can reach excellent social system. In addition, according Plato, to being an ideal state, before individual should be just person, because he bel ieves to manage a state well, people should be wisdom, courage, and moderate but apart from these people should be just. In ‘’Republic’’, Plato explains his idea that way ‘’ it is necessarily follows that the individual is wise in the same way and in the same part of himself as the city. Isn’t individual courageous in the same way and in the same part of himself as the city? Moreover, he supposes that a man is just in the same way as a city. He also remembers that each one of us in whom each part is doing its own work will himself be just and do his own. ’’ (Plato, Republic, 441c) He means they are able to achieve found an ideal state if each one do its own work justly. Plato somehow considers society as a human body and he specifies each class as an organ, philosophers symbolize the brain, guardians are heart and producers symbolize the down of the body. To keep this body healthy, each part should make their duties. Therefore, justice and injustice compared with health and illness. According to Plato, ‘’ just and unjust actions are no different for the soul than healthy and unhealthy things are for the body. Healthy things produce health, unhealthy ones disease. Produce justice establish the parts of the soul in a natural relation of control, one by another. ’’(Plato, Republic, 444c) Thus, in ideal state every person should be just because, for staying healthy our city needs to just people. Thanks to just people state will become ‘’ideal’’. In ideal state, Plato has an idea that philosophers should be king because he thinks only philosophers are just and wise. In Republic book VII, wisdom and being just is explains with a metaphor that called ‘allegory of cave’. This metaphor is meant to illustrate the effects of education on the human soul. Education moves the philosopher through the stages on the divided line, and ultimately brings him to the Form of the Good. In this allegory ‘’ the effect of education and of the lack of it on our nature to an experience like human beings living in an underground, cave like dwelling which is both open to light and as wide as the cave itself. They have been there since childhood, fixed in the same place, with their necks and legs fettered’’ (Plato, Republic, 514a) It is explains that differences between wise and others because wisdom means seeing truth directly and it is not possible behind the shadows. As I am said before wisdom and justice are related concepts. To acknowledge as a wise person, s/he should be just personality. According to Plato ‘’ education isn’t what some people declare it to be, namely, putting knowledge into souls that lack it, like putting sight into blind eyes. The power to learn is present in everyone’s soul and that the instrument with which each learns is like an eye that cannot be turned around from darkness to light without turning the whole body. ’’ (Plato, Republic, 518c) this example shows that each soul has power to learn, but ducation cannot close the gap that wisdom and justice produced. Therefore, I agree with Plato’s idea that philosophers should be king because in this way state will ruled by just and wise person. In conclusion, main aim of Plato’s ideal state is create a city which everybody is happy and equal. To provide this aim Plato specifies different roles for different classes and he thinks justice is the harmony between classes namely everyon e does his or her own job, which is a necessity for society and for people to live in an appropriate way. Only by this way the society could function like a human body but the most important part the body is govern by ‘wise’ and ‘just’ people. Additionally, I think the idea of Plato that philosophers should be king is really reasonable because they are the only people who can govern the ideal state properly. They are wise than other people and they have ability to govern. Therefore, in order to have an ideal state, social harmony must be provide and philosophers should be king. Word Count: 1403

Lucas Samaras essay

Lucas Samaras essay Lucas Samaras essay Lucas Samaras essayLucas Samaras is a popular artist, who is working in the field of photography and has reached the international recognition of his talent and skills. Lucas Samaras started is artistic career by experiments in the field of visual art, sculpture and performance art. In this regard, the influence of his friends, whom he studied and worked with, such as Roy Lichtenstein, Kaprow Segal, George Brecht, and others, was particularly significant. However, steadily he shifted toward photography as his mainstream art. The interest to photography encouraged Lucas Samaras to start new experiments, which made his works different from works of other photographers and artists.His professional career and art work was and still is prominent because his works are very popular and highly appreciated by the public and critics. His early works were sheer experiments in the field of the photo design. Lucas Samaras used different tools and techniques to create his photo collages by manipul ating the wet dyes in Polaroid photographic film to create â€Å"photo transformations†. In this regard, he was particularly successful in his self-portraits, which he experimented and tried different tools and media. At this point, it is worth mentioning the fact that his works involved multi-media collages that made them exclusive, original and absolutely different from works of other artists.Therefore, Lucas Samaras is one of the most outstanding representatives of the â€Å"New Jersey School†, who has managed to create his own style and his own art, in a way, because his works have made a breakthrough in visual art and photography and brought him the international approval.Paint Head AttachedHead Attached is one of many self-portrait collages made by Lucas Samaras that reveals his original style and the essence of his experiments in the field of photography and visual art. In fact, his Head Attached is the self-portrait, which could be otherwise routine, unless Luc as Samaras used his favorite photo collage style. The author probably intentionally uses grey and dark colors, where his face is virtually the only light element of the self-portrait. He uses such colors to show that his life is routine. At the same time, the artist used good lighting to show every details of the self-portrait but still it is neither bright nor dark that emphasize routine of his life once again.The artist made the self-portrait, where he is sitting in the kitchen and holding in his right hand a jar with his self-portrait inside. In such a way, the entire works turns out to be a double self-portrait, which though has a very symbolic meaning and multiple implications. In this regard, the artist symbolically puts his self-portrait in a jar and stay in his kitchen to show that he is also in a sort of jar being locked in his home like his self-portrait is locked in the jar. At the same time, the self-portrait also implies the limitation of the artist’s vision beca use, being locked in the jar, he cannot see anything around him, he is limited in his movements that probably implies the limitation of his vision as an artist, which is limited by biases, stereotypes and his limited worldview as he also stays in the jar, in a way.Thus, the self-portrait reveals the original style of the artist and his vision of art and artist.

3 works of art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

3 works of art - Essay Example The gown looks like the nuns’ uniform and she is lazily enveloped into the reverie or dream about the angel. This is an epitome of the spiritualism that an image can depict. Moreover, the environment that hooks up the angel and St.Teresa looks dreamy, implying the supernatural feeling that the paint is showing. Lastly, there is intense light that illuminates the shiny structure that St.Teresa is lying on and the gowns that both are wearing. This is a symbol of divine power in a scared place. In this paint, Caravaggio is showing a pretty realistic image of St.peter being crucified. He is keen on the posture of the people and the wood used to make the crucifix. It is a paint that shows the crucifixion of St.Peter as he asked people to do. He is crucified upside down as a symbol of not imitating his Lord Jesus Christ. The painting is so real that it shows the cloth that is wrapped around him to conceal his loins, the people lifting the cross and the obscurity of their faces in the shadows. The picture arouses feelings of sadness by looking at the way St.Peter has left his mouth open with his long beard and dully eyes, showing so much pain. The people lifting the crucifix are also showing fatigue since it is clear that they are straining to lift the crucifix to its intended right position (Brett & Kate, para8). This paint is a fascinating image that describes the evolution of the Catholic Church by Peter Paul Rubens. He is so artistic in the painting of women and men in their full physical features lying on each other in various postures. There is also the presence of leopards in shady color trying to roar at the infants on the ground. This is a description of the spread of Catholic Churches across the world and the numerous challenges it has faced. Behind the leopards, the adults and the infants is a dark blue sky that is not fully clear. It shows the beautiful sky, symbolizing the hope and feasibility of the

Define Accounting and Bookkeeping and compare and contrast the role of Essay

Define Accounting and Bookkeeping and compare and contrast the role of Professional Accountants and Bookkeepers - Essay Example The book also described the use of journals and ledgers. Accountancy contained two parts bookkeeping and accounting. Both became useful to the merchants and the professional from time to time. It plays an important function in recording the financial transaction of an organization. It provides information to a whole range of users. The essay elaborates basics of accountancy and the use of accountancy in different areas of management by the accountants and the bookkeepers (Gazely and Lambert, 2006) Accounting and Bookkeeping Accountancy does the task of maintaining records and it also involves in preparation of financial reports for a particular business. It also involves in auditing those reports. It is concerned with the knowledge, practices and the principles of accounting for meeting the general needs of a running business. According to Kohler â€Å"Accountancy refers to the entire body of the theory and practices of accounting† (A. Goyal and M. Goyal, 2009). The term accou ntancy can be divided into two parts: Accounting and Bookkeeping. Accounting Accounting basically deals with the provision or measurement of assurance of the financial information that are used by a number of users such as the lenders, investors, managers and the decision makers of a particular organization (Fitzpatrick, 2010). According to American Accounting Association it is â€Å"a process of identifying, measuring and communicating information to permit judgment and decisions by the users† (Khan and Jain, 2007). It also measures the different economic activities which are responsible for affecting both the inflow and outflow of the resources of the economy. It serves as a language to the business as it communicates its results to the business (Hugh and Hobbs, 2005). There are certain characteristics of accounting which are as follows: Accounting concerns of only the financial transactions and are expressed in terms of money. The information which cannot be expressed in t erm of money cannot be included in the books of accounts. After the identification of the financial information these are recorded in the books of accounts. Journal is known as the primary book of accounts in which all the information is recorded at first. When information are vast then the book of accounts is sub-divided into a number of various books such as Sales book, Purchase Book, Sales Return Books, Cash Book and many more (Stittle and Wearing, 2008) After recording of the financial data, they are classified into different groups of data which are of same nature. The book in which these are recorded are known as the Ledger. After classifying the data, they are summarized and presented in a manner that is understood by a layman also. This process is concerned with the preparation of Profit and loss account, trial balance and balance sheet. The information thus got from the summarization of the data is to be analysed to get a result. Ratio analysis is a very common tool for ana lysis and thus it helps both the management and the external users to take their decisions. The result thus communicates some information to the interested party and they can take an appropriate decision (Warren, 2009). There are different types of accounting which are as follows: Financial accounting concentrates on only those transactions that have already occurred in the past. The main aim of this type of accounting is to

Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Diversity - Essay Example Although UCSB has the least level of statistics as concerns diversity when compared with other campuses of university of California, there has been increased integration and interaction among the student community. The University has endeavored to make every other person welcome and comfortable regardless of such criteria s race, sex, gender, sexual affiliation or economic well-being (The Facts: Diversity 1). In 2007, the University Of California Board Of Regents adopted a policy statement aimed at making the university achieve diversity among both the students and the human resource personnel in all its campuses including UCSB. This is in the form of Principles of Community statements and policies that control the behavior of both the staff and the students and each campus must inform the persons attending or working in it through any suitable mode including newspapers or through notices. The campuses including Santa Barbara must distribute and reaffirm its commitment to the policies and the principles as well as the initiatives to enhance embracing of diversity within the campus. All campuses of the University of California including the campus at Santa Barbara encourage the setting up of a diverse workforce and student population as well as the diversification in faculty ranks. For example, the UC President’s Postdoctoral Fellowship Program encourages students who pursue doctor al studies that are aimed at contributing to diversity are usually rewarded with more scholarships (The Facts: Diversity 2). All the campuses have centers that deal with the affairs of gays, lesbians and transgender studies while most campuses including Santa Barbara have ethnic studies centers to embrace different communities of the student population. At the University of California, Santa Barbara, there is a program to assist freshmen who come from underrepresented groups to meet their academic objectives as well as integrate properly within the campus. The UC Santa Barbara

Orient Overseas Container Line (OOCL)

Orient Overseas Container Line (OOCL) ORIENT OVERSEAS CONTAINER LINE (OOCL) 01.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF OOCL. Container shipping is most popular types of merchant shipping over the world. Due to size, use, and accessibility, it is famous and convenient for transporting from one place to another place to all customers from small trader to big trader. OOCL is the leading container main line operator in shipping industry having own information technology facilities. OOCL is a wholly-owned subsidiary company of OOIL (Orient Overseas International Limited) group which listed on Hong Kong Stock exchange as a public limited company. OOCL is one of the worlds largest integrated international container transportation, logistics and terminal companies having global brand images in container shipping (OOCL, 2010a) The founder of OOCL is CY Tung who dreamed to create Chinese merchant fleet in international shipping. In 1947, he succeeded when first ship with all Chinese crew reached in USA and Europe under the name of his company Orient Overseas Line (OOL). Due to the demand of container vessel and age of containerisation in shipping, OOL renamed to OOCL in 1962. Today, it has more than 230offices in 58 countries around the world and the present Chairman is CC Tung. OOCL Mission Statementis â€Å"To be the best and most innovative international container transport and logistics service provider; providing a Vital Link to world trade and creating value for our customers, employees, shareholders and partners† ( OOCL,2010b). The core values of OOCL for people or employee of the company, customers and wants to maintain high standard of services through community responsibilities. OCCL is a renewed container carrier who has own mother and feeder vessel, rail track, containers, trailers and terminals. In December 2008, OOCL awarded â€Å"Best of the Best† ocean career by World Trade Magazine of USA (Shister, 2008).All vessels of OOCL achieved the quality certificate of QUALSHIP 21 issued by US Coast Guard. However, recent world recession covered OOCL also and its container traffic fell 17.2 per cent compared with the first half of 2008, while revenue fell 37.2 per cent to $2.05bn and operating loss for the half of $197m, against a $216m profit in the first half of 2008 ( Lau and Wright,2009). United Nations Conference on Trade and development- UNCTAD positioned OOCL within the leading container transport operators of 20 MLO (Main Line Operators). Year Position Number Of Vessels TEU Capacity (TEU-Twenty feet Equivalent) 2008 11 90 364384 2007 09 84 351542 2006 12 71 275057 2005 11 68 236018 2004 11 63 216527 Figure 1 (Table) Performance of OOCL in world container trade 2004-2008 (UNCTAD,2010) The position of the OOCL is world container industry is fluctuating highly year by year. There is no constant improving that means growth in performance indicator by UNCTAD. However, they are increasing the number of vessel and container capacity (TEU capacity) in every year. Within 5 years they increased the number of vessels approx 50% and capacity over 68%. As a total logistics service provider, OOCLs international freight consolidation and logistics service unit, OOCL Logistics, provides its customers with innovative freight management services and leading-edge IT solutions. OOCL China Domestic Ltd. offers extensive domestic distribution services and supply-chain management to customers in China, the growing market which OOCL has been serving for over 50 years ( OOIL,2010 ) OOCL is renowned for its pioneering approach to developing intermodal connections. All means of intermodal transport are carefully integrated with trunk ocean services to offer seamless connections across continents using feeder services, barges, trucks and block trains (OOCL, 2010c) 02.STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT People have different views for understanding, developing and implementing strategy economically and timely to gain special advantages in business. Before taking any strategy, need to justify and assess the organisations present situation especially internal environment of the organisation. After that, external environment will help to set a preliminary plan for going forward. This is very important to assess the situations by marketing mix and political factors also. In a study (Johnson et all, 2005) of strategic exploration found that, there are three strategy lenses: design, experience and ideas which are useful to develop a strategy in a organisation. Model of Strategic Management (Johnson et all, 2005) The above model indicates that strategic management indicates the strategic position of a organisation depends on the environment and its capabilities to adapt also its expectations. The choice of strategy may be in business level or corporate-level; it may be internationally for the development of the organisation by following the strategic direction or methods. Furthermore, need to organise, enable the strategy into action to get competitive advantage. The research and development of the strategy based on the some environment analysis such as SWOT, PESTLE , value chain , Porters Five forces mode and etc. By applying these organisations can find the position where it placed and take effective measure to correct modify for developing the situation. 03.SWOT ANALYSIS FOR OOCL In a study Stacey (2000) stated that â€Å"SWOT analysis is the list of an organisations strengths and weaknesses indicated by an analysis of its resources and capabilities, plus a list of the opportunities and threats that an analysis of its environment identities. Strategic logic obviously requires that the future pattern of actions to be taken should match strengths with opportunities, ward off threats, and seek to overcome weaknesses.†(P-5). In addition, Strengths (Koch, 2000) can serve as a foundation for building a competitive advantage, and weaknesses may hinder it. By understanding these four aspects of its situation, a firm can better leverage its strengths, correct its weaknesses, capitalize on golden opportunities, and deter potentially devastating threats Container Shipping is the most complicated globalized industry which has to compete with internal competitors like other container operators also homogenous business like dry bulk or tanker operators. Moreover, it has a big competition with air transportation. Customer always wants to know the good and bad matters of the company before stuffing his cargo. By SWOT analysis of a company we can easily find out the negative and positives of an organisation. So, SWOT analysis is very important for developing company profile by correcting present weaknesses and aware the threats internally, externally and environmentally. OCCL has huge competition with other operators nationally and internationally and need to manage small shipper or big customer, moreover, fluctuation of international trade create the environment to forecast its all sight. Furthermore, it is a customer focused organisation. SWOT analysis will help to attract the customer for better business also develops the organisation economically and socially. 04.SWOT ANALYSIS A. STRENGTHS OF OOCL OOCL is a subsidiary of a global group of company OOIL group, Hong Kong. They can take any organizational or financial help from the group even from the government. Offering quality services in Asia, Europe, America and Australasia where container service is highly demanded as quick ocean transportation and easy access to shipper or consignee premises. Quick and speedy service, transit time is less, easy connection, global service network Pioneer in IT (Shipping).Very strong in information technology. Vendor services are performing by specialized software â€Å"Operationsmart†, â€Å"Depotsmart† and â€Å"Schedulesmart†. Vendor can easily log on and contract with OOCL from anywhere by using this facilities. Any customer can know his cargo position by this link. All vessels are handling by using information technology. Has own carriers (Mother and feeder vessels), rail track ( Owned in China and partnership in America Europe) Global brand image identification to trader, importer and exporter. Trained and skilled employees whos are really professional devoted in their jobs. Market leader in refrigerated container trade and temperature -controlled environment over ocean, rail and load line. Strong intermodal network in Asia, Europe and America. â€Å"DGsmart† which cares the dangerous goods customer. OOCL provides training for all for handling these types of cargo B. WEAKNESSES OF OOCL High competition and market fluctuation. Insignificant market growth of the line. No constant business growth in the industry. High freight costs. Peak season surcharge on service routes. Limited allocation of container in various routes and country GSA trade in maximum country. No direct trade for maximizing profit and mass customization. Imbalance of equipment. Huge lease container. Africa service is not available. C. OPPORTUNITIES OF OOCL OOCL can increase the number of vessels and container as world demand is increasing day by day. Introduction of Africa and South American services and intermodal connection there. Increase market share in Asian region by direct business. Introduction of feeder service in south Asia and investment in terminal business. More investment in port and terminal business. D. THREATS OF OOCL World recession which may be incurred huge loss which will impact to the share market and shareholders view to divert from their position or sell the share. Due to surcharge or extra payment, customer may divert to other operators. Heavy competition with national and international carrier. Globalization of the industry. May loose domestics cargo. Limited Feeder Vessel allotment from hub port to spoke port in Asian market 05.BUSINESS STRATEGY Business strategy is the key component of developing the organisation as reputed organisation of the world. In addition, it will help to establish the operational guidelines by which company can proceed step by step. This good plan may help to reach the target point for achieving the desired outputs. It will help to make plan, revision, control and implementation of the project. In a study Lasserre ( 2007) argued that a company business strategy is a set of fundamental choices which defines its long-term objectives, its value proposition to the market, how it intends to build and sustain a competitive business system and how it organises itself. He added that a business strategy will generally cover the followings for getting the maximum outcomes:- Ambition. This will help to set a long-term objectives of the company by which it is possible to create a target especially increasing the size of the organization economically, nationally and internationally. Positioning. It will add the value proposition to customer. Branding the product and service, customer segmentation, preference of customer choices will set a standard of the company and good position on the market. Investment. Business strategy will help to create the environment of investment for going very near of the customer. Also create a system that is able to deliver value to customers competitively. Organization. The profound beliefs of the organization will add value to the employee and long-term working facilities will develop a good structure of human resources management. From human resources to the production, everywhere will be a process and will maneuver the organization in a system. The business strategy of an organisation may be different in different location or region. The company business strategy may be FDI (Foreign Direct Investment), MA (Merger and acquisition), Diversification, CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) or Global Strategy or any corporate strategies that will dominate or indicate how the company will bring competitive advantages to do business. 06.DIVERSIFICATION STRATEGY OF OOCL a)Diversification Diversification (Johnson et all, 2005) is a strategy that takes the organisation into both new markets and products or services and be undertaken for a variety of reasons, value creating than others. It may gain the economies of scope by organisations existing facilities also corporate managerial capabilities. Keeping the product is the main challenge of diversification. Instead of increasing growth, it sometimes is a burden for the organisation. The growth of the core business of the organisation may create the financial or distribution channel strength to expand the business in related or unrelated function. Sometimes managers or employee motivates the owners to engage in new business. In addition, the good brand value may attract to diversify the product or introduce new product by which company can give additional customer service. Furthermore, offer from government to do business in a new area or product for protecting the national interest towards a strong position of the compa ny also financial stability in a country. In a research of diversification , Reed and Luffman ( 1986) argued that basic strategic aims can only be decided after deliberate concentration on the companys present limitation and future needs which helps to survive, growth , use of resources or adapting to customer then diversification is one alternative in several option available to the company. They also added that analysis of market; material supplies, technological development and production process are required before moving to the decision of diversification. Where the opportunity is available but risk to develop, organisation may not diversify from their core business. The assessment to expand the business in various ways can help to take a decision in what way they will look forward towards existing or new customer but offering the qualitative product or service depends on the customers desire and availability of channel by which they can promote the product or service. Otherwise, risk will be increased and core business may be hampered by the new one. Grant (2008) argued that diversification strategy or decisions by the company involves for two issues: attraction of the industry and output by competitive advantages. The economics of scope can be tangibles or intangible resources of the company even organisational capabilities can also be transferred within the diversified company. OOCL had competitive advantages by its diversified products like information systems and terminal business. The group business expanded business in related and unrelated industry for getting the logistics support for its core business ocean shipping. He prescribed that diversification motivates the organisation for growing, reducing risk and making profit to create inconsistency of shareholder view. OOCL diversified in both concentric and conglomerate to develop their organisation economically also creating brand value. But they highly focused on concentric diversification because shipping is the derived demand and highly globalized business where customer needs all kind of logistics support. Providing the logistics support they made strong information systems from the origin of transport to the final destination which one is the full version of logistics. The OOIL group diversified in container business by creating the OOCL logistics which helps to add value in their core business ocean shipping. In addition, they involved in port terminal business in Kaoshiung (China) and Long Beach (North America) which form an integral part of international containerised transport business ( OOIL,2010a). The cargo smart is the innovative software of OOCL by which they can keep relation with their clients in 24 hours. Preliminary it is developed for their own organisations but now using by most of the logistics company of the world. It ( CargoSmart,2010) is a Software as a Service (SaaS) global shipping and logistics solutions provider that enables companies to lower transportation management costs, streamline operations, and reduce the risk of late shipments. For getting the domestics cargo, they established OOCL china domestics limited for getting the domestics cargo which also add value in their business. Due to heavy industrialization in China and having competition with national and international shipping company, OOCL diversified in their product to create a good marketing approach to the local trader. Kaoshiung port terminal is supporting them by giving logistics centre facilities to the shipper and consignee in China. Furthermore, road and rail transportation also help to attract the customer as it is the multimodal facilities for transporting the cargo at carriers risk. Enhance, they structured intermodal service in China, Europe and North America In conglomerate diversification, they established property business in two countries ( China and USA) as OODL which helps to increase the shareholder value and future of the company for any crisis or recovery of their core business. b) Vertical Integration in OOCL There is a vertical integration in OOCL diversification as they set a list of product and service in front of their clients. The core business of OOCL is ocean shipping that means selling the vessel space to the customer and providing the facilities of instrument container for caring the cargo. Along with this business they integrated the services by backward and forward integration. The backward facilities are the information facilities by which customer can log on from any place of the world. In addition, Logistics Company like OOCL logistics, intermodal systems also added in backward integration. The forward facilities are port and terminal business which added value to attract the customer for clearing the cargo easily and economically. C) Performance and Outcomes. Diversification and performance are correlated in their potential activities but depends on the acceptance of the customer. Grant (2008) believes that diversification has the potential to create value for shareholders where it exploits economics of scope and where transaction costs in the market for resources make it inefficient to exploit these economics of scope through market contracts. The shipping market depends on its cycles from the ship building to scrapping and mid times using facilities. Moreover, its perishable service where customization is very important to use its all cycles. As a container service main line operator, it is very difficult to run the business by only its vessel performance but also need connecting facilities to keep the customer. Diversification in OOCl helps to create logistics products or service like Cargo Smart, Intermodal, Port Terminal and catalyst their core business ocean shipping. The conglomerate diversification of OOCL in property business he lped to survive in recession. Due ( Reuters,2010) to global economic downturn and company huge loss in this downturn , OOIL group has sold $2.2 billion in Chinese property to raise cash and focus on its core shipping business. 07. CRITICAL ANALYSIS The diversification strategy of OOCL is partially failure. Due to economic downturn, group is unable to sustain and sold their unrelated property business OODL. It will be impacted to their core business because shareholder will not be influenced to keep their share. In addition, they had opportunity for developing their business in port terminals but sold two terminals out of four. Port terminals are big access of a shipping company. However, their present terminal is using by their own and grand alliance vessels. The best option for container shipping in strategic management may be in global strategy because this is the highly globalised industry. They can choose the strategy for increasing their services in all over the world. Some companies are very successful in MA like MAERSK. They merged with Sealand firstly and finally acquired PO Nedlloyd which one is the great and highly capitalized acquisition in shipping industry. OOCL has great opportunity to merge with some African or South American container line to diversify their business in these regions. It will bring more customers. In addition, their core competence of HR policy indicated that CSR may be the best strategy to develop the business. The Grand Alliance ( Hapag-lloyd,2009) formed in 1998 is the leading integrated consortium in global container shipping by the leading main line operator in container shipping Hapag-Lloyd (Germany), MISC Berhad (Malaysia), NYK (Japan) and OOCL (Hong Kong). Jointly they are introducing shipping rout es and new services day by day to extend the container shipping. 08.CONCLUSION Lasserre (2007) stated that managers, politicians, journalists and academics are commonly using the concept of globalization along with global industries, competition, or corporation or strategies to globalize or die. Container shipping industry is highly globalised as it is the derived demand of world trade. Moreover, it has to fight with same line industry like dry bulk or tanker shipping. The business rivalry among the main line container operators is very high. In addition, world alliance by some companies that making groups and start consolidated business is the new dimension to minimize the loss or maximizing the profit. Strategic alliance between two or more firms like the grand alliance of OOCL with other operators brought competitive advantages in business. OOCL is the family business organisation and featured the core competency of human resources. SWOT analysis of the organisation and diversification strategy may show the ways to face the global economic downturn and be mo re strategic in their business.

Flag Desecration :: essays research papers

Flag Desecration Flag desecration is not American. People who burn the American flag lack respect for themselves, America, and the many people who have died to preserve American freedom. The people who desecrate the American flag have no right to call themselves Americans. They are unpatriotic, two faced, cowards, and worse of all un-American (communist). To be patriotic a person must love and defend his own country against all foreign and domestic threats. These unpatriotic people are two faced. They live in America with all its freedoms, and yet desecrate the most important symbol which holds America together: the flag. The way flag burners go about desecrating the American flag shows that they are not true Americans. Flag burners commit a morally unjust and hateful crime by desecrating the American flag. They are the first to hid behind the first amendment (Freedom of Speech). For people to say they have the right to burn the American flag, sighting their first amendment rights, t hey have some kind of warped sense of expression. If people continue to desecrate the American flag, it will lose its significance and value. From 1968 to 1989, politicians and true red blooded Americans understood how important it was to respect the American flag. Congress passed a law in which it prohibited desecration of the American flag in 1968. According to the law, it was illegal to cast contempt, either by word or act upon the American flag ((Federal law, 18 USC Sec. 700 States, 1968); Sec. 2(a). The law states that whoever knowingly casts contempt upon any flag of the United States by publicly mutilating, defacing, defiling, burning, or trampling upon it shall be fined, not more than $1,000 or imprisoned for not more than one year, or both, Sec. 2(b). The term "flag of the United States" as used in this section, shall include any flag, standard colors, ensign, or any picture or representation of either, or of any part or parts of either, made of any substance or r epresented on any substance by which the average person seeing the same without deliberation may believe the same to represent the flag, standards, colors, or ensign of the United States of America". In simple form, the law says that the American flag is to be revered and not abused in an act demeaned as unprofessional. The law was very strict and to the point. Flag Desecration :: essays research papers Flag Desecration Flag desecration is not American. People who burn the American flag lack respect for themselves, America, and the many people who have died to preserve American freedom. The people who desecrate the American flag have no right to call themselves Americans. They are unpatriotic, two faced, cowards, and worse of all un-American (communist). To be patriotic a person must love and defend his own country against all foreign and domestic threats. These unpatriotic people are two faced. They live in America with all its freedoms, and yet desecrate the most important symbol which holds America together: the flag. The way flag burners go about desecrating the American flag shows that they are not true Americans. Flag burners commit a morally unjust and hateful crime by desecrating the American flag. They are the first to hid behind the first amendment (Freedom of Speech). For people to say they have the right to burn the American flag, sighting their first amendment rights, t hey have some kind of warped sense of expression. If people continue to desecrate the American flag, it will lose its significance and value. From 1968 to 1989, politicians and true red blooded Americans understood how important it was to respect the American flag. Congress passed a law in which it prohibited desecration of the American flag in 1968. According to the law, it was illegal to cast contempt, either by word or act upon the American flag ((Federal law, 18 USC Sec. 700 States, 1968); Sec. 2(a). The law states that whoever knowingly casts contempt upon any flag of the United States by publicly mutilating, defacing, defiling, burning, or trampling upon it shall be fined, not more than $1,000 or imprisoned for not more than one year, or both, Sec. 2(b). The term "flag of the United States" as used in this section, shall include any flag, standard colors, ensign, or any picture or representation of either, or of any part or parts of either, made of any substance or r epresented on any substance by which the average person seeing the same without deliberation may believe the same to represent the flag, standards, colors, or ensign of the United States of America". In simple form, the law says that the American flag is to be revered and not abused in an act demeaned as unprofessional. The law was very strict and to the point.

Example of the Stages of Building Maintenance

Building careTable of Contentss Abstraction Introduction DEFINITION OF BUILDING MAINTENANCE SCOPE OF BUILDING MAINTENANCE WORK Preventive care: Day to twenty-four hours fixs: Emergency fixs: Servicing plants: Minor plants: Designation of Possible Defects Defect Due to Dampness Cracks in walls: Rising Damp: Cracks in Structural Components: 1: Stains & A ; Moulds on the Cantilever ceiling: 2: Mounds found of external wall: 3: Cracks in howitzer articulations: 4: White discolorations on lower degree of Inner wall: 5: Dark stains & A ; fungus/moulds on the entryway manner: 6: Roof Gutter Collapsed: 7: Cracks within the Floor: Designation of Maintenance Generator Remedial Measures for the defects identified DecisionAbstractionThis study is based on the planning facet of the edifice. Planing a edifice is an imagitavie procedure, building the edifice is the realisation of the dreams of an designer, but the care of the edifice makes it worthy of its functional usage for which it is designed. A decently maintained edifice is an immoveable plus of an person. The primary of a edifice is to supply precautions to its dwellers against external conditions conditions, against the scorching Sun & A ; thundering rain, etc. To utilize the maximal potency of a edifice, it should hold to be decently maintained. Each & A ; every edifice has a continuance which is like 30 – 40 old ages. As per the external conditions conditions & A ; type of use of edifice & A ; its functionality decides how long a edifice can prolong itself. A edifice is a non- life thing, it can non mend itself. For this an effectual maintained unit should be placed. Besides periodic visit of an designer along with MEP adviser s hould be done to look into any mishappening. This study is prepared based upon the templet of indentifying the defects in the Architecture edifice, done with the aid of ocular photographic certification. This study will cover the elaborate & A ; elaborated survey of the assorted edifice defects happening in assorted parts of architecture edifice. Detailed survey of defects, its causes every bit good as its redresss are to be provided in this study. The study will besides speak about designation of a future care generator.IntroductionA edifice comprised of structural burden bearing units like foundations, beams, columns, floors & A ; slabs. These are the parts which require thorough idea design, an effectual procedure of building carried out as per the structural demands & A ; recommendations of the structural applied scientist & A ; last but non the least, a proper in topographic point care system to maximise the life of such structural units. Other than structural units, a edifice has non- burden bearing constituents which comprises of walls, external facing done for aesthetical intent, shocking & A ; false ceiling etc. These are the constituents of the edifices which are to be designed by the designer & A ; constructed by the civil applied scientist. Other than this, a MEP adviser is to be hired to overlook the integrating of architecture, construction & A ; services. The architecture edifice of the University of Newcastle is constructing made in Brick tile. The architecture edifice is a land + 2 floor edifice, has studio suites, category suites, conference hall, etc. The usage of wood as a inveighing stuff is a distinctive feature of the edifice.DEFINITION OF BUILDING MAINTENANCECare of a edifice cost more than building it. Proper care of care is a word picture of love & A ; attention for the infinite we are utilizing. Be it our place, our university, our office composite etc. There are certain parametric quantities which define how & A ; up to which restri ct a edifice should be maintained. a edifice decently maintained so that it provides its users safety & A ; security against external conditions.SCOPE OF BUILDING MAINTENANCE WORKHarmonizing to Burgess & A ; White ( 1979 ) , care work of a edifice is divided into two parts. The really first is explicating a planned plan comprising of betterment every bit good as redevelopment in a edifice. The range of this betterment & A ; redevelopment is chiefly due to sudden failure in the assorted public presentation standards of a edifice. Five major types of care plants are elaborated by Burgess & A ; White. Following the chief types of care plants: – Preventive care: This includes minimal preventative steps done at an early phase of defect sensing. The stating or bar is better than remedy is the footing of this type of care work. Like keeping the roof prior to the rainy season is an activity of such type of work. Day to twenty-four hours fixs: This fix is the most of import type of care carried out by the house lady of the edifice or the individuals engaged in edifice care. Emergency fixs: Certain fixs are to be done on an exigency footing. The toppling of a wall, bending of a roof, moistness of wall or roof etc are the illustration of such sort exigency fixs. Servicing plants: This fix is done on a periodic footing. Normally a edifice requires painting & A ; cleaning work on a annual footing. The care of roof against the moistness & A ; escape against H2O ooze is to be done one time in two old ages. Minor plants: Such sort of plants includes minor repairing of assorted constituents of constructing like doors, Windowss, healthful plants etc. This range of this study includes elaborate designation of defects done through templet & A ; the solutions of such sort of solutions to be done for care. Both the major every bit good minor defects are to be identified along with their solutions. All the remedial solutions are to be based on a proper constructional technique to be used among the Australian peninsula.Designation of Possible DefectsFor an architectural edifice of the University of Newcastle or for any edifice assorted defects can happen sing the age group of the edifice. A building defect can render the edifice insecure & A ; can put on the line the lives of the people utilizing the edifice. A damaged/collapsed edifice will non merely ensue in loss of money but consequences in a loss to the society by the danger posed by the edifice. This besides consequences in loss of money in mending the edifice etc. A building defect is different from the usual clip bound defect caused in any edifice due to aging. The clip edge de fect depends upon the lastingness & A ; workability of the structural constituents of the edifice. The following are the general type of defects common in all edifice due to constructional failure, structural failure or design failure. Defect Due to Dampness: The addition in wet content in the dirt every bit good as in the air, can consequences in moistness of the walls, if moist proofing class is non used, provided at the pedestal of the edifice. To minimise the ooze of H2O through capillary action organize the dirt, a moist proofing class is to be given beneath all the walls excepting the door gaps. Cracks in walls: Due to shrinkage consequence of the bomber dirt, walls tend to develop cleft all along the length of wall. This cleft is a consequence of settling consequence of the bomber dirt, due to which a part of a wall tends to switch downwards, ensuing in clefts. Proper dirt trial all at major junctions of walls, foundations & A ; columns are to be conducted to avoid such sort of clefts. Rising Damp: Due to the failure of moist cogent evidence class beneath the plinth protection of the edifice, moistness rises to the wall, making a white pulverization like surfacing on the walls above the pigments. The moistness causes major populating conditions jobs to the dwellers of the edifice, particularly if the site of the edifice is non opened from any side. Cracks in Structural Components: The foundations, columns, roofs & A ; beams are the parts of structural stableness of the edifice. Cracks develop due to permeableness of concrete, thermic motion which takes topographic point within the concrete & A ; steel etc. Proper structural every bit good as architectural design along the building to be done as per edifice norms is a solution to avoid the clefts. The prostration of edifice due to clefts in structural constituents is unsafe the lives of the people. A edifice such as Architectural College of the University of Newcastle, which is a G+ 2 construction, will hold some general type of defects including both building defect every bit good as age edge defect. Following types of defects have been identified in the edifice of architectural college of the Newcastle University: 1: Stains & A ; Moulds on the Cantilever ceiling: This defect found in the external corridor of the land degree of architecture edifice due to miss of care every bit good as non functional use of the ceiling visible radiations. The redress for this sort of defect will be proper cleanliness to be carried out along all the corridor of the edifice peculiarly for the ceiling of corridor. Using the light fixtures during dark may turn out to be the best solution which will guarantee care. 2: Mounds found of external wall: Due to increase in wet content & A ; breakage of moist cogent evidence class beneath the pedestal of the edifice, moistness rises on the external wall which is along the south side of edifice. It is of import to observe that. Although the south side gets maximal Sun, but due to dampness, mould can still be found. Proper landscaping strategy is besides to be formulated which can ensue in incursion of sunbeams up till the wall. 3: Cracks in howitzer articulations: Vertical clefts are seen on the wall around the first assistance child located at land floor of the architecture edifice. The possible cause of these clefts is the shrinking in the Sue dirt due to increase in wet content. Soil proving to be done on an immediate footing, which will quantify the shrinking happening in the bomber dirt. Coating of H2O proofing Si bed is to be done on an pressing footing all along the walls of the land floor. 4: White discolorations on lower degree of Inner wall: These white discolorations are the consequence of combination of termite action & A ; moistness. With addition in Dampness, termite & A ; other insects grows which hampers the open cements howitzer in the brickwork. Anti- termite spray along with H2O cogent evidence Si pigment is to make be done on pressing footing. 5: Dark stains & A ; fungus/moulds on the entryway manner: The non- usage of any infinite within the edifice is the greatest enemy which renders the edifice prone to multiple defects. By the photographic observation, it seems that the entryway is non of much usage by the pupils every bit good as staff of the college. Lack of care is straight seeable from the exposure. Proper cleansing is required, with encouragement needed to utilize this infinite. 6: Roof Gutter Collapsed: The technique of supplying trough for taking the rain H2O from the roof is an old technique that requires periodic betterment. Chocking of trough will ensue in accretion of H2O through the roof. 7: Cracks within the Floor: Due to tension turning with the concrete in the absence of enlargement articulations or any other articulations.Designation of Maintenance GeneratorThe Architecture edifice has many care generators. The care generators are those factors which act as an external factor upon edifice constituents. Due to Dampness, white pulverization like substance gets accumulated on the articulations of the walls, Due to termite action, doors & A ; wooden Windowss becomes hollow from indoors, such factors are called as care generators. Certain care generators are found within the edifice, which can be prevented by taking immediate action & A ; by commanding the proper use & A ; functionality of the edifice. Addition in Moisture Non use of certain edifice parts like the entryway of the architectural edifice Shrinking of bomber dirt Orientation of the edifice ( South facade of the edifice gets maximal Sun but still shows mark of moistness ) Functional infinite allotment Proper care to be doneRemedial Measures for the defects identifiedWith the nature of defect & A ; use of edifice, the nature of redress will differ. For the defects like perpendicular & A ; horizontal clefts, certain building techniques are to be followed which was non practiced earlier during the clip of building. Following steps are to be provided against some general defects found in the architectural edifice: – Dampness Redress: To avoid moistness doing failing of critical edifice constituents, following techniques are to be used:Provision of get bying rock to be done on all wall parapets.The incline of get bying rock should be inside the, towards roof non on the exterior.R.C.C. protective round gola should be made on all the corners & A ; junctions of the roof & A ; wall.The oral cavity of rainwater pipe should be sealed with H2O proofing sealer.Water proofing of crystalline Si is to be done on all the walls, to be done regularly twice a twelvemonth.Crack Redress: For look intoing against the perpendicular cleft, developed in the brick wall, sulphate content of the brick is to be checked, so that it does non respond with wet over a period of clip & A ; causes flower, which is the deposition of sulfate salt over the brick.For the clefts developed in concrete construction, following redress should be used against each peculiar type of cleft:for bar against shrinking of the bomber dirt, found ations is to be taken every bit much deep as possible to supply a amalgamate difficult province of stones to rest upon & A ; reassign the burden every bit on the bouldery interior surface of the Earth.Site sloped should be decently calculated, designed & A ; maintained.Damp H2O proofing is to be done in dual bed for sites where the land H2O tabular array is much higher.Overloading of any sort should non be entrained, for each burden there should be an structural constituents to bear its burden.Expansion spreads to be provided in roofs every bit good as floors for tenseness & A ; compaction actions in the concrete every bit good as steel.Alternate Method with Cost EstimationTo supply a cost effectual redress for any defect, will turn out to be sustainable in nature when the cost appraisal is to be concerned. Common method of bar & A ; protection of the assorted edifice defects are possible which are really cost effectual. It used locally available redresss, therefore cut downing the dependences on the high tech chemicals & A ; machine intensive plants for assorted defect. Use of landscape which repels the white ants & A ; insects is an first-class method to look into the termite action with the edifice. Such workss are to be planted in thrower plantation owner & A ; placed all along the external wall. It will besides heighten the aesthetical quality of the infinite along with supplying safety from insects & A ; termite. To forestall the wet content in the bomber dirt near the plinth country of edifice, workss necessitating more H2O are to be used as landscape elements. Plants like cactus & A ; other desert plantation owners can be used.Short & A ; Long Term Maintenance PlanShort & A ; Long term care program comprises of redress for assorted type of plants to be done under care direction. Prevention against moistness, molds, slickness, paying attending to the fresh facilitates of the edifices are a portion of short term program which will non take much clip & A ; based upon the templet are ranked 3 – 5 on the precedence footing. While long term programs include intervention against moistness by the H2O proofing Si pigment spray & A ; intervention of structural constituents like clefts, trough ooze etc.DecisionThe university architecture college is a non an old edifice, all the defects reported in the appraisal & A ; designation of the edifice are chiefly due to miss of proper care. The edifice is reasonably good conditions. The full defect runing near to 1 is to be treated on an pressing footing. Protection from moistness is really indispensable. For a organic structure to stay fit, we have to utilize each and every organic structure portion, the same expression goes worth the edifice, if you cease to utilize the infinite it will discontinue to be & amp ; act like a functional infinite. With the readying of short term programs on an pressing footing, the care section would make a healthy start up for care of the edifice which is the really psyche of Architecture College. 1|Page

Four-hand vs. Two-hand Pianos Compositions

Four-hand vs. Two-hand Pianos Compositions Free Online Research Papers Chamber Music LiteratureTerm Paper: Piano Ensembles Pianos are usually used as a solo instrument or accompanying other instruments. However, composers have written numerous compositions for two or more pianos in addition to four-hand piano compositions. In addition, a few composers have written some substantial works about pianos collaborating with other instruments. Representative compositions include: Mozart’s two-piano and three-piano concertos, Bartok’s Concerto for Two Pianos, Percussion and Orchestra and the sonata for two pianos and percussion. I would like to specifically focus on the differences between the four-hand piano and the two pianos compositions. When two pianists sit on a bench and share one keyboard, we call it piano-four-hand (piano duettists). When two pianists sit on different benches and perform on two different grand pianos, we call them â€Å"duo pianists†. When numerous pianos are used together to perform by different pianists, we call them â€Å"piano ensembles†. For example: the Ten-Piano Ensemble. I think that the compositions for the four hands have more limitations to develop both for the performers and composers. Because two pianists are sharing one keyboard, one is limit ed to play on either the high register or the low register of the piano. For the part written for the high register of the piano, we call it â€Å"Primo†. â€Å"Secondo† is the part written for the lower register of the piano. The pianist playing the primo part is usually in charge of the main melodies and the secondo part is usually in charge of the basic bass-line harmonies to give the listeners a clear sense of the harmonies. Physically, it is more difficult to play four-hand than playing the two pianos in my opinion. First of all, two pianists need to sit closely although not necessarily on the same bench. Secondly, they need to share one keyboard which is usually designed for just one pianist. As a result, it is easy for their hands and bodies to be touched by the other pianist and it easily causes discomforts. Compositions for two pianos offer more opportunities for exploring the quality of the pianos and the two pianists share the responsibilities equally. Because the pianists do not share one keyboard, there is no register limitation for the composers for each pianist. It allows them to be able to write more virtuosic passages because of the register. Thus, the textures are more complex and the sounds are fuller and have much variety. The difficulties for the composers are how to write balanced parts for each pianist. Compared to four-hands, piano duos are also visually more effective. The pianists are facing one to each other and the pianos are placed across each other. Performers can only see the other through their eyes. It will be more difficult to collaborate the other in this way. From the Baroque period, there have been many composers writing fantastic works for numerous pianos. Bach, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, Mendelssohn, Poulenc, Chopin, Schumann, Brahms, Debussy, and Ravel all wrote duos or concertos for two (or more) keyboards and orchestra or composed duo piano arrangements of other works. In the twenty centuries, the representative composers are Saint-Saà «ns, Debussy, Rachmaninoff, Stravinsky, and Milhaud.Playing four-hand or two pianos requires high level of collaboration and similarities in personalities and musical ideas; as a result, four-hand or two pianos are usually successfully performed by sisters, brothers, close friends and lovers. Below are a few famous Two-piano duos: Robert Gaby Casadesus (husband, and wife); Argerich with friends: Stephen Kovacevich, and Nelson Freire; Sisters: the Pekinel sisters.The two main comp ositions I am going to focus on and make comparison are Mozart’s Variations in G major for four hand, k. 501 and Mozart’s Sonata in D Major for Two Pianos, k. 448. Mozart’s theme and variations in G major is a small-scale composition which contains only one theme, five variations and one fugue. This piece is said to originally written for two pianos. Generally speaking, the primo part takes charge throughout the whole composition. In the theme, First Variation, Second Variation, Third Variations, the primo part is in charge of the main melodies and the secondo part is basically accompanying the primo part. However, in the Fourth, Fifth Variation and the Fugue, the primo and secondo parts are playing more equal roles. The Fourth Variation and the fugue are the only parts in the composition that are in minor and they portrait a contrast mood than the rest. The Fifth variation is full of virtuosic passages and is humorous and witty. The musical ideas and structure of this composition expand gradually as the piece goes on. It reaches the highlight in the fugue . Mozart’s D major sonata was written in 1781 for a performance by Mozart and J. v. Auernhammer. It is a predominantly antiphonal type of writing for two pianos. The atmosphere is full of energy and spirits. Compared to the theme and variations, k. 501, it has more substantial sonority. There are also more contrast thematic ideas in movements. Unlike the theme and variations which the primo part basically takes the charge, in this sonata, each piano plays more equal roles. Because there is no register limitation, more virtuosic passages are written in both pianos: for example: the scales and arpeggios are all over the place. For me, it sounds even like a Mozart piano concerto arranged for two pianos, except there is no cadenza in the first or third movement. The first movement is in a grand sonata form. The beginning of it is like an orchestra tutti. It is full of majesty and brilliance. The second piano starts the second theme which displays a different character-cute and humo rous. The second movement, at first, the second piano is just playing the role of accompanying the first piano. Latter, the first and second pianos have sweet dialogues. The third movement is full of wit and humor. The first piano and second piano collaborate and alternate to sing out the main melodies. Research Papers on Four-hand vs. Two-hand Pianos CompositionsHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionThe Hockey GameWhere Wild and West MeetQuebec and CanadaBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfDefinition of Export QuotasHip-Hop is ArtMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductOpen Architechture a white paperThe Project Managment Office System

The Formula for Expected Value

The Formula for Expected Value One natural question to ask about a probability distribution is, What is its center? The expected value is one such measurement of the center of a probability distribution. Since it measures the mean, it should come as no surprise that this formula is derived from that of the mean. To establish a starting point, we must answer the question, What is the expected value? Suppose that we have a random variable associated with a probability experiment. Lets say that we repeat this experiment over and over again. Over the long run of several repetitions of the same probability experiment, if we averaged out all of our values of the random variable, we would obtain the expected value.   In what follows we will see how to use the formula for expected value. We will look at both the ​discrete and continuous  settings and see the similarities and differences in the formulas.​ The Formula for a Discrete Random Variable We start by analyzing the discrete case. Given a discrete random variable X, suppose that it has values x1, x2, x3, . . . xn, and respective probabilities of p1, p2, p3, . . . pn. This is saying that the probability mass function for this random variable gives f(xi)   pi.   The expected value of X is given by the formula: E(X) x1p1 x2p2 x3p3 . . . xnpn. Using the probability mass function and summation notation allows us to more compactly write this formula as follows, where the summation is taken over the index i: E(X)   ÃŽ £ xif(xi). This version of the formula is helpful to see because it also works when we have an infinite sample space. This formula can also easily be adjusted for the continuous case. An Example Flip a coin three times and let X be the number of heads. The random variable X  is discrete and finite.  The only possible values that we can have are 0, 1, 2 and 3. This has probability distribution of 1/8 for X 0, 3/8 for X 1, 3/8 for X 2, 1/8 for X 3. Use the expected value formula to obtain: (1/8)0 (3/8)1 (3/8)2 (1/8)3 12/8 1.5 In this example, we see that, in the long run, we will average a total of 1.5 heads from this experiment.  This makes sense with our intuition as one-half of 3 is 1.5. The Formula for a Continuous Random Variable We now turn to a continuous random variable, which we will denote by X.  We will let the probability density function of  X  be given by the function f(x).   The expected value of X is given by the formula: E(X)   Ã¢Ë† « x f(x) dx. Here we see that the expected value of our random variable is expressed as an integral.   Applications of Expected Value There are many applications for the expected value of a random variable. This formula makes an interesting appearance in the St. Petersburg Paradox.

Examine the main causes and consequences of the wars in Chechnya (and Essay

Examine the main causes and consequences of the wars in Chechnya (and now the wider North Caucasus) in the period 1994 to the pr - Essay Example Precisely, while it seems logical to claim that national liberation fuelled by fundamentalist beliefs on Islam could be the main reason for the movements of Chechnya (which I shall explain in greater detail in the succeeding parts of this paper), I wish to underscore that the economic and socio-political motives of the Russian government must also be taken into consideration. Perhaps, the terrorist attacks of the rebel groups could be a result and not mainly the cause of war, as Cornell (2003) posited. Aside from this, attention must also be placed on the theories ofpolitical economy that flourished in the neighboring regions of Chechnya in the North Caucasus. For evidences that I shall explore later on, it must be pointed out that the situation in Chechnya quite interestingly provided commercial benefits to Ingushetia and Dagestan. In the end, I wish to argue that the two Chechnya wars must not be simplistically viewed as a result of the ideological viewpoints of the Chechnya people , but rather a result of much complex string of socio-political and commercial perspectives. In order to maintain succinctness and focus in my discussion, I like to divide my paper into three parts. The first part will provide a brief overview of the happenings in the two Chechnya wars in order to highlight the key factors that have led to their occurrence—from the perspectives of the rebellious group and of the Russian government. The second part will synthesize the data gleaned by infusing socio-political, economic, and commercial perspectives into the discussion. The last part will provide a conclusion and shall re-emphasize the thesis presented above. The Two Chechnya Wars: A Brief Overview Located in the Southwestern corner of Russia, Chechnya is primarily considered a Muslim region (Zalman, n.d.). Geographically, it is bordered by Dagestan, to the north, Ingushetia, to the west, and Georgia to the south. Its capital is Grozny. The first Chechnya War, as further noted by Zalman (n.d.), was instigated by the region’s declaration of independence after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. Deemed as a huge impediment in redeeming Russia’s economic and socio-political power, President Yeltsin ordered immediate military enforcement in the region (Hughes, 2001). As Vendina et. al. (2007) narrated â€Å"Boris Yel’tsin, then-president of the RSFSR, declared a state of emergency in Chechnya in November 1991, dispatching troops to Grozny one month after the region had declared its independence; these were repulsed and the chaos surrounding the Soviet Union’s demise allowed Chechnya to be left to its own devices† (p. 180). As factional fighting against the army of Air Force general Dzhokhar Dudayev increased in 1994 (which was also the time when Russia had already gained its strength as a state), Yeltsin ordered a full assault on the region (Cornell, 2003). In this regard, as Cornell (2003) described the subsequent happening s, â€Å"it took two months of massive air and artillery bombing for the federal army to capture Grozny—at the cost of thousands of own casualties, over 20,000 civilian lives, a total destruction of the city, and displacement of hundreds of thousands of people† (p. 170). Indeed, it was crude counterinsurgency tactic as marked by the massive use of firepower that defined the fighting strategy of Dudayev’

Business Valuation of Tesco Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Valuation of Tesco - Research Paper Example The paper discusses reasons resulting in the declining performance of Tesco. In the recession time, when other competitors like Wal-Mart, Sainsbury’s, and Carrefour have been facing severe problems, Tesco has adopted strong strategic plans to cope with the financial crisis. In the years following the financial crisis period, the company has reported a declining profit, despite the fact that profits yielding from its operations were greater, but the consumers’ behavior remained ineffective. Tough competition among competitive companies led by low-profit margin pricing and marketing activities has been observed during 2012-2013. The company has maintained strong policies and strategies to overcome obstacles (Miller, 2005). The analysis of the performance of Tesco shows that the competition has led the company to initiate steps to minimize its costs. It has enabled the company to increase its profit margin when consumers hesitate to spend. On the other hand, an effective a nd innovative platform in the operational side of the business has been observed (Naunheim, 2011).  As the consumer’s behavior model has changed in recent years, this strategy of Tesco has regained the confidence of consumers and has increased its sales volume. The analysis of the five-year financial information (see Table 1) depicts that the company’s stock price has been fluctuating with the changes under economic circumstances (Naunheim, 2011). Tesco’s stock price peaked during 2009-2010, whereas a gradual fall was observed in 2010-2011, but a major decline in stock prices was in 2012-2013 (Dinkhoff, 2009). According to financial data, there has been a major decline in 2012. Amongst competitors in the retailing and grocery merchandising industry, Sainsbury’s stock value has been gradually increased during 2009-2011. By the end of 2011, the company’s stock peaked, and after 2011 a gradual decline in the Sainsbury’s stock prices has been observed (Dinkhoff, 2009). Sainsbury’s market price has not fluctuated like that of Tesco during 2011-2012.